Category: Clinical

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Clinical General Innovation Lifestyle MSPress Announcements Narrative Reflection

“Timelessness in the Ever-Changing Medical Field” Dr. Abraham Verghese, 2014 Commencement Address at the Stanford University School of Medicine

Dr. Abraham Verghese, critically acclaimed author and widely respected clinician, is now featured in the Medical Commencement Archive. Dr. Verghese’s commitment to medical humanities, teaching, and the art of medicine is one that students have the pleasure and honor of learning from through various platforms.

In his speech, Timelessness in the Ever-Changing Medical Field, Dr. Verghese calls upon the Stanford University School of Medicine graduates to find the connection between their technology-laden careers and the careers of their predecessors.

“I hope that sense of history will make you conscious that when you are there with the patient, you are also participating in a timeless ritual. Rituals, like this one today, with all its ceremony and tradition are about transformation, about crossing a threshold — indeed the ritual of our graduation ceremony is self-evident. When you examine a patient, if you think about it, it is also a timeless ritual, a crossing of a threshold.”

In his speech, Dr. Verghese discusses the graduation speech boycotts of 2014, patients from his past, memories of medical school examinations, and opinions about medical licensing techniques. Dr. Verghese currently serves as Vice Chair for the Theory and Practice of Medicine at Stanford University, among many other appointments. Ending his speech, Dr. Verghese leaves the graduates with words that resemble a blessing:

 

“May you celebrate the rituals of medicine, recognizing their importance to both you and the patient. May you find courage to face your own personal trials by learning from your patients’ courage. May you minister to your patients even as they minister to you. When there is nothing more medically you can do for patients, remember it is just the beginning of everything you can do for your patients; you can still give them the best of you, which is your presence at their bedside. You can heal even when you cannot cure by that simple human act of being at the bedside — your presence. May you discover as generations before you have, the great happiness and satisfaction inherent in the practice of medicine, despite everything”

Page 1Interested in reading about Dr. Verghese’s work with infectious diseases? Check out My Own Country which features stories of the rise of AIDs in rural Tennessee. Interested in reading about mental health and creating balance within the medical field? Check out The Tennis Partner which explores the drug addiction and familial struggles of medical professionals. Fancy yourself a great fiction read in medical drama? Take a look through Cutting for Stone.

Further, Dr. Verghese writes on a variety of other interesting topics through New York Times, Newsweek, and Washington Post articles. Expounding upon the importance of the patient-physician relationship, Dr. Verghese has had a number of talks and interviews including TED talks.

Incredibly popular amongst medical students is, “Stanford 25: An Initiative to Revive the Culture of Bedside Manner” which features videos of Dr. Verghese’s physical examination methods.

Dr. Verghese is a champion of medical writing and a fantastic advocate of the importance of the healing arts. Enjoy this wonderful new addition to the Medical Commencement Archive.

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Clinical General Lifestyle MSPress Announcements Reflection

Medical Commencement Archive Debut with Dr. Timothy E. Quill, University of Rochester School of Medicine

Today the Medical Student Press kicks off Volume 1 of the Medical Commencement Archive. The Archive will now release a new speech each Friday. Stay tuned for spectacular reads which speak directly to the future of medicine with wise reflections from the past. The inaugural speech entitled, Who is Your Doctor?, comes from Dr. Timothy E. Quill, M.D., at the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry. Read Dr. Quill’s full speech and bookmark the Medical Commencement Archive here.

dr quill copy 2Dr. Quill is an accomplished physician and author in the field of Palliative Care. He earned his undergraduate degree at Amherst College, and received his M.D. at the University of Rochester. He completed his residency in Internal Medicine and a Fellowship in Medicine/Psychiatry Liaison at the University of Rochester. Dr.Quill is now Professor of Medicine, Psychiatry, and Medical Humanities at the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry. He is also the Director of the URMC Palliative Care Program. Dr. Quill has published extensively on the doctor-patient relationship, with an emphasis on the difficult decision-making processes toward the end of life. He was the lead physician plaintiff in the 1997 Supreme Court case Quill v. Vacco challenging the law prohibiting physician-assisted death.

In his speech, Dr. Quill spoke to the class about the need for competent and personal medical care in this complex and fast-paced world of biomedicine with all its specialties and subspecialties. He drew upon his extensive clinical experience in palliative care to illustrate how a deep understanding of the patient and their family can help physicians not only guide patients through the plethora of medical options, but also make,

“…clear recommendations among those options based on their medical knowledge and their knowledge of the patient as a person.” Dr. Quill believes, “that kind of guidance and engagement, which is both medically competent but also very person, is what will make [one] a really exemplary doctor.”

Dr. Quill’s speech is indeed very touching and inspirational. His personal clinical anecdotes are moving, as  they illustrate how competent and personal medicine improves patient care. His focus and dedication to understanding and treating patients as opposed to diseases is evident and serves as a role model to all, including medical students. His words inspire medical student to,

“become one of those doctors who is not only technically very competent, but also very willing to engage with patients and families in difficult decision-making.”

The MSPress encourages you to read his commencement speech to not only gain insight into Dr. Quill’s wisdom, filled with powerful anecdotes, but to learn from an accomplished and very thoughtful physician. Read Dr. Quill’s full speech and bookmark the Medical Commencement Archive here.

Thanks to Stephen Kwak, MSPress Editor, for his contribution to this blog post.

Categories
Clinical Opinion

Physicians in Pre-Hospital Emergency Medical Systems

Franco-German and Anglo-American models of emergency medical care differ. The first brings the physician to the patient on scene, while the latter brings patients to physicians in hospital. In a recent German study, physicians remarked, “Do we really have to study whether a high density of less qualified EMS personnel leads to similar or even better outcome than a system in which highly qualified physicians, providing better transportation stability, take care of the critically ill patient?” Are physicians needed in pre-hospital emergency care settings? If so, in what medical setting is such a system tenable?

On-scene time
Time is of such importance in medical emergencies and trauma that the term, “golden hour” has been designated to the period during which treatment is most likely to have a positive effect on a patient’s outcome. The two EMS models make an effort to treat the patients as soon as possible using different approaches. The Anglo-American model revolves around the “scoop and run” idea, bringing the patient to the physician in a hospital as quickly as possible. The Franco-German utilizes the “stay and play” concept, reflected in longer on-scene time. This time is not wasted though, and may even be considered better utilized as the physician is brought to the patient and can begin advanced and/or aggressive treatment on scene, improving the outcome and chances of survival. In the Anglo-American model, time is lost on many minor cases, because paramedics and EMTs must transport most patients to hospitals in order to be cleared by physicians, whereas in the Franco-German model, physicians can treat patients at the scene and decide which patients do not require hospitalization. Another factor that may prolong on-scene time in a negative way in the Anglo-American model is the skill level of paramedics and EMT. Lastly, there are situations with unavoidably prolonged pre-hospital time, for example when ambulating the patient may be difficult and transport to hospital delayed. In this case, the presence of a physician significantly improves survival rates. A large group of studies has demonstrated that the benefit of helicopter emergency medical service (HEMS) is not to be attributed to faster transportation, but rather to the presence of a physician.

Expertise and skill
The length of EMT and paramedic training programs ranges from a few months to two years depending on the policy of the country and the specific degree. EMTs are required to follow standard operating procedures, whereas physicians may, in certain circumstances, act autonomously. There is an ongoing debate on skills which paramedics should or should not be allowed to utilize. It has been found that there is a relatively high rate of misplaced endotracheal tubes in patients intubated by paramedics. Even with adequate training, skills deteriorate over time, as is the case with paramedics who mostly attend minor cases and do not regularly utilize practical skills such as endotracheal intubation, and intravenous drug administration. Physicians usually practice these skills in their hospital settings as well as in pre-hospital environment, allowing them more of a chance to practice their skills. In addition, specialists are more qualified to perform such skills in non-standard conditions.

Photo courtesy of Dr Gregor Prosen
Photo courtesy of Dr Gregor Prosen

Quality of care
Skills and expertise of EMTs and physicians reflect in quality of care. A large number of studies show a significantly better first hour and first day survival rate, a better functional outcome, as well as less time spent in intensive care unit in trauma patients; as well as survival of patients with acute myocardial infarction and respiratory diseases when treated by physicians. These results may reflect the higher level of expertise and the more profound knowledge of the physicians, as well as their ability to make clinical decisions and use aggressive treatment on scene. Studies have, however, found a difference in survival even when standard procedures were followed by both physicians and EMTs, such as in cases of cardiac arrest. Physicians administer a higher number of drug dosages per minute, they have shorter hands-off intervals and pre-shock pauses, and intubate a greater proportion of patients.

Issues
One of the biggest problems of maintaining a physician-based EMS is the financial “loss”. Is it worth overcrowding the Accident and Emergency (A&E) waiting rooms with myriads of “minor” patients who EMTs have to bring in, rather than clearing the A&E departments and allowing the staff to treat the more serious cases requiring advanced hospital equipment? Looking at the larger picture, survival of patients after CPR may be less costly in the Franco-German model than in the Anglo-American model. A study showed the expense of 0.7 euro per patient after CPR in Birmingham, compared to 0.17 euro in Bonn. Another problem, arguably more evident in the Americas than in the Europe is the litigious concerns. Many physicians who volunteer or work in ambulance services in the USA have malpractice insurance, which only covers their practice at their respective facilities, not in the pre-hospital environment, making them vulnerable to malpractice law suits. Some hospitals have overcome this problem by rewriting their insurance policies to include pre-hospital coverage for physicians working in those capacities.

While I support the involvement of physicians in pre-hospital emergency care, there remains a question of which physicians should be sent on the scene. Not all countries have enough physicians or adequate finances to allow all ambulances to be manned by anesthesiology or emergency medicine specialists, and instead send out newly qualified doctors with little experience. The right answer may lie between the two extremes: the use of both physicians and EMTs. For example, in Portugal dispatchers communicate with patients and decide whether to dispatch an emergency vehicle, as well as whether to man the vehicle with a physician and a nurse, or two EMTs.

Sources:
1 Timmerman A, Russo SG, Hollmann MW. Paramedic versus emergency physician emergency medical service: role of the anaesthesiologist and the European versus the Anglo-American concept. Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology 2008; 21:222-227.
2 Fischer M, Krep H, Wierich D, et al. Comparison of the emergency medical services systems of Birmingham and Bonn: process efficacy and cost effectiveness. Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther. 2003 Oct;38(10):630-42.
3 Garner A, Crooks J, Lee A, et al. Efficacy of prehospital critical care teams for severe blunt head injury in the Australian setting. Injury 2001; 32(6):455-60.
4 Osterwalder, J. J. Can the “golden hour of shock” safely be extended in blunt polytrauma patients? Prehospital Disaster Medicine 2002; 17(2):75-80.
5 Apodaca A, Olson CM Jr, Bailey J, et al. Performance improvement evaluation of forward aeromedical evacuation platforms in Operation Enduring Freedom. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2013; 75(2 Suppl 2):S157-63
6 Katz SH1, Falk JL. Misplaced endotracheal tubes by paramedics in an urban emergency medical services system. Ann Emerg Med 2001 Jan; 37(1):32-7.
7 Klemen P et al. Effect of pre hospital advanced life support with rapid sequence intubation on outcome of severe traumatic brain injury: a prospective multicentre study. J Trauma. 2006.
8 Botker MT, Bakke SA, Christensen EF. A systematic review of controlled studies: do physicians increase survival with prehospital treatment? Scandinavian journal of trauma, resuscitation and emergency medicine 2009; 17:12.
9 Dickinson ET. The impact of prehospital physicians on out-of-hospital nonasystolic cardiac arrest. Prehosp Emerg Care 1997; 1(2):132-135.
10 Olasveengen TM, Lund-Kordahl I, Steen PA, et al. Out-of hospital advanced life support with or without a physician: Effects on quality of CPR and outcome. Resuscitation 2009;80(11):1248-52.
11 Fischer M et al. Comparison of the emergency medical services systems of Birmingham and Bonn: process efficacy and cost effectiveness. Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther 2003 Oct; 38(10):630-42.
12 Skow G. Docs On Ambulances. EMS World, 1 October 2010. http://www.emsworld.com/article/10319194/docs-on-ambulances?page=2
13 Page C, et al. Analysis of Emergency Medical Systems Across the World. Worcester Polytechnic Institute. MIRAD Laboratory, April 25, 2013.

Featured images courtesy of Dr. Gregor Prosen

Categories
Clinical Narrative Reflection

On ICU Rounds

Passing through the restricted entrance of the ICU is like stepping foot into another dimension.

A web of clear and blue plastic tubes makes it nearly impossible to determine which machine is wildly wailing as you enter this strange environment. Few patients are conscious. Some might argue that few are truly alive. Passing by rooms with no visitors is depressing but a crowd of family members in a doorway may just choke you up.

I knew I was in a fragile state, at the mercy of sharp memories of previous trips to the ICU, where my own family members shared the same lifeless gaze of each patient that was now before me.

Torn between my current emotional state and desire to learn all I could about the patient on whom our team was currently rounding, I stood between the IV stand and my preceptor as he discussed the course of action with the nurse and me. I was part of the team, part of the conversation, part of the solution. I was in the moment. It was exhilarating.

After discussing our treatment plan, my preceptor and the nurse left the room and I suddenly found myself alone with the patient. I was no longer part of a conversation. I was in a different moment. I was simply an observer that might as well have been family. This patient was no longer a forgettable name on a chart. He was a father, possibly a brother, certainly a son. The poor chances of survival that my preceptor had mentioned earlier echoed in my ears, as I watched the green peaks and troughs dance on his heart monitor. I wondered when he had last opened his eyes, and I wondered who he last saw with them. I no longer felt like the powerful problem-solving medical student that I was just minutes before.

As I stood silently next to the patient, I contemplated a recurrent source of anxiety: the desire to enter into a field of medicine with constant variety and endless excitement, and the potential for high levels of emotional stress. It was then that I realized the subtle yet poignant experience that had just occurred: in the moment, I thrived. I recognized the importance of logical discourse in the treatment of this man, and I was able to focus on the task of caring for our patient. As soon as the tethers of responsibility had been cut and I was free to feel, I felt. The ability to compartmentalize heavy emotions is a necessary skill in the practice of medicine and one that paves the way for balance between successfully caring for our fellow humans and remaining one ourselves.

I proceeded to meet my preceptor outside, bursting at the seams with questions regarding our patient’s condition. Back in the moment. Cool as a cucumber.

And I cried the whole way home.

Featured image:
to much food by wolfgangphoto

Categories
Clinical General Poetry Reflection

Poem about Pain

My sophomore year of college, I had the incredible fortune of taking a course entitled “Literature and Medicine,” taught by a professor who inspired me in more ways than she ever will know.  Professor Karen Thornber introduced me to the language of medicine and illness, and her course even now deeply affects the way I perceive the dialogue around, about, and in the clinic.

In particular, after reading Susan Sontag’s Illness as Metaphor and Elaine Scarry’s The Body in Pain as part of the course (both of which I highly recommend—especially Scarry’s work), I was intrigued by the notion of the resistance of physical pain to language.  Even when describing the pain of a paper cut, we resort to using metaphors and adjectives, comparing it to other sensations in an effort to fully encompass the experience.  Is the paper cut actually “stinging” as a bee would?  How would you differentiate describing the pain of a paper cut to a more severe pain?  In fact, the adjectives we use to describe pain directly are quite limited.  And unlike other sensations that can be carried from one person to another with words, pain is perhaps too heavy, too dense to be transformed into language.  Rather, we use cries, moans, and tears to transmit the experience of pain.

Now, more than ever, I find Elaine Scarry’s perspective to be enlightening.  For if she is correct in saying that pain is one of the few feelings too big to be molded into language, we can never truly express our pain to others through words.  We can never fully describe pain or share it.  Pain is therefore deeply isolating.

Three years ago, at the end of my Literature and Medicine course, I decided to delve into the relationship between language and pain by interviewing eleven individuals of different genders, ethnicities, and stages of life.  I created a survey for them composed of a total of ten questions that included prompts such as: “Can you describe a physically painful experience?” and “Use one or two words to describe pain.” From these interviews, I produced a poem that attempted to convey the complexity of people’s reactions to and views of pain and illness.

Photo courtesy of Alex Abian
Photo courtesy of Alex Abian

Now, as I read this poem, I think about all the times I’ve asked patients to describe their pain, to rate it in severity from 1 to 10, to talk about its onset and relieving factors. How easy it was for me to write that information down and jump from one differential diagnosis to another without truly understanding their experience.  And yet, even if I can’t truly know their pain, at least I can play a role in providing hope for healing and for relief.  At least, I can listen and acknowledge the experience of their hurt.  That is, to me, one of the greatest honors of being part of the medical profession.

Below is the product of my investigation of the “unsharability” of physical pain and an attempt to better understand how difficult it is to give it a voice (Scarry, The Body in Pain).  What is your experience with listening to others try to express their pain in words?  Have you found any insight into making it easier for others to talk about their pain?  Or do you find that your experiences differ from mine?  Feel free to comment or email me at stephanie.wang@jhmi.edu.  I would love to hear more!

*Note: Italics indicate quotes taken directly from interviewees. The majority of the content of this poem is based upon the interviews.

Here and There

We alternate between here
and there. You see,
there is a line, crooked and cracked,
an emaciated demarcation,
a highlight in air, breathlessly coughing
and smelling of phlegm.

It would be very painful
to cross it, this line.

Unable to be broken,
we wax in and out.
How to describe such a thing?
Mind-numbing and distracting,
distasteful, unpleasant, depressing and miserable.
Regret, helplessness, extreme
sadness. Sick,
like you’re sick.

What pulls us along is an anti-happiness,
it drags us past the line,
it is an anger and an envy, a struggle for
God knows how long.
It nests in suicidal thoughts,
family problems, rolled-up eyes, severe
shock, pain.

Pain, it’s like,
it’s a…

A scar, a feeling I couldn’t recognize,
a breaking of the arm, a finger cut off,
a scrape of the knee,
a ball to the head, hurt jaw, appendicitis, unbearable
distress, tears, a scream, almost
dying. Well,
I don’t like pain.

You can’t think, can’t do anything. Panic,
confusion. There is a leaving behind,
a change of identity—

you lend a hand
because you have to. You are supposed to do that.
To help. The pity, the obligatory sad eyes.
I wanted to stay away, I was really
annoyed at the hack of her cough,
her eyes, feverish.
I actually wanted to avoid her, avoid
crossing the line.

The millionth tripping from one side
to another sounds like fish scales,
feels like rain, the starting
and stopping, the forgetting and remembering
of hoarse throat, runny nose,
seasonal allergies, itchy and flushed.

Forget about it,
concentrate on something else, calm down,
try to ignore it for
telling people won’t change anything,
screaming and shouting won’t do anything,
It’s like no one understands, I deal with it
myself, I can kinda block it out.
Everyone does things to alleviate it.
I’ll pray, but the only thing
that really makes it go away is time.

Halos of stars plaster the sky
and the constellations only appear
when a story is made for them. Let us figure then
a way to line everything up against this thin mark
between two vast caverns.  The body flung
from here to there
is yours and mine. As it will always be
your body, our pain.
Our pain, my body.

Featured image:
Pain by trying2

 

Categories
Clinical General Innovation Lifestyle Opinion

Medical Technology: Google Glass and the Future of Medical Education and Practice

Medicine is often a field at the forefront of technology. The importance of the field itself combined with the lucrative payouts seen for successful medical devices attracts many entrepreneurs and companies to the field. One of the most intriguing new technological advances is Google Glass – the augmented-reality glasses developed by tech powerhouse Google. There has been much speculation about the use of Google Glass in medicine. The possible implementation of Google Glass within the medical field raises important questions about how Google Glass may change medical education and practice.

What is Google Glass?

Google Glass is an augmented-reality system developed by Google. It is a voice-controlled, hands-free computing system that is housed in a “glasses” interface that users can wear much like spectacles. It contains an HD capable screen, 5 megapixel camera, and is Bluetooth, WiFi, and GPS enabled. The interface can sync with both Android and iOS phones for integration of information across platforms. Google Glass is currently in its “Explorer” beta phase, with a retail price of $1500. Speculation is that the upcoming retail version will be greatly reduced in cost.

What are the uses for Google Glass in Medicine?

The combination of features present in the Glass package makes it an enticing future medical tool. The main hypothesized role for Glass is in information sharing and transfer. Glass may prove useful in allowing physicians access to patient medical records, imaging studies, and pharmaceutical information in real time via the integrated HD screen. Glass may also be useful for physicians on home-call, as information about patient’s vitals and status can be relayed while the physician is en-route to the care facility. In the surgical field, Glass may help with surgical procedures by providing instant access to reference materials and real-time consults in the operating room. Finally, Glass may provide a more integrated and unique experience for medical students. Students will be able to view patient interactions and procedures with the same point of view (POV) as the physician, providing an unparalleled immersive educational experience. Furthermore, use of Glass by patients will allow students to view patient encounters from the patient’s POV, providing a perspective that many students may never have otherwise experienced.

Photo courtesy of Ted Eytan
Photo courtesy of Ted Eytan

How is Google Glass Currently Being Used?

While Google Glass is still in its infant stages, there has been some limited implementation in the medical field. Dr. Christopher Kaeding, an orthopedic surgeon at the Ohio State University, was the first physician to use Glass during a surgical procedure. The procedure was broadcast via Glass to both medical students and faculty at the university.

In terms of education, the University of California – Irvine Medical School has implemented Glass in its innovative iMedEd program. Established in 2010, iMedEd provides medical students at UC Irvine with specialized technological access and training. It started with school-issued iPads for every medical student, and later expanded to point-of-care ultrasound training and use. In 2014, the iMedEd program began utilizing 10 pairs of Glass to be distributed amongst the 3rd and 4th year medical students on the wards. It will be an interesting development to see how Glass is received amongst the students, and how they rate its effectiveness at enriching their educational experience.

What needs to happen for Glass to have widespread adoption in the medical field?

While Glass does have intriguing possibilities, it is by no means a proven entity in the medical field. I believe that for Glass to become an influential medical product two things have to happen. The first thing that must happen is that Glass must be utilized extensively in the consumer market. Many of the questions about Glass revolve around public uncertainty about privacy issues. If Glass gains a large foothold in the consumer marker, patients will become accustomed to interacting with Glass users and will feel less hesitant in a Glass-using setting. The second thing that must happen is that app developers must create useful medical apps for Glass. These apps must both provide utility to physicians and be compliant with HIPAA regulations. Much like EPIC was to electronic medical records, Glass needs companies who are willing to take on the intense regulatory scrutiny of the medical field in app development.

Sources:

  1. http://mhadegree.org/will-google-glass-revolutionize-the-medical-industry/
  2. http://news.uci.edu/press-releases/uci-school-of-medicine-first-to-integrate-google-glass-into-curriculum/
  3. http://osuwmc.multimedianewsroom.tv/story.php?id=663

Featured image:
Google Glass Dr. Guillen

Categories
Clinical General Opinion Public Health

Parents fight Croatian law enforcing mandatory child vaccinations | We don’t need no vaccinations, we don’t need no thought control

Photo courtesy of https://www.flickr.com/photos/zsoolt/

The Croatian constitutional court has made the vaccination of children a legal obligation. Their reasoning behind this law is that “a child’s right to health is more important than a parent’s right to choose (wrongly)”. Their words, not mine, although I do agree.

Vaccination has been a part of paediatric care in Croatia for years, and children have regularly been vaccinated throughout their education, although it has never before been officially mandatory. Now, parents have the potential of being prosecuted if they do not to vaccinate their children. In Croatia, children are vaccinated against the following: tuberculosis, diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (DTaP), polio, measles, mumps, rubella (MMR), and hepatitis B. It was always said that vaccination was mandatory, but whenever I asked what to do with unvaccinated children, I was given vague answers. Nevertheless, the law now states that a parent’s failure to ensure the vaccination of their child will result in a fine and a visit from social services. A large group of parents, accompanied with some medical professionals, disagree with this and have called for a public discussion.

Photo courtesy of https://www.flickr.com/photos/jaccodeboer/
Photo courtesy of https://www.flickr.com/photos/jaccodeboer/

“Nobody wants to take the responsibility.”

This is an argument many parents have repeated when asked why they don’t want their children vaccinated. The majority of “modern” parents are best pals with Doctor Google, who has told them stories about apparently unnerving side effects of certain vaccinations. Furthermore, media dramatization and sensationalism add another factor in the vaccine debate.  Although the Internet and media in general can provide strong patient education, it can also provide highly biased information thereby providing harmfully improper patient education. Even though they are dramatic and stand out, articles reporting on a child developing a long term and/or life changing disorder or condition are quite rare. Reading such an article invokes fear in readers. Statistics are what matter in possible negative outcomes. How many stories about serious problems arising from a vaccinations exist? And how many children are vaccinated every day? And what are measles, mumps, rubella, polio, pertussis, and the other diseases like when they take hold of a child’s body?

Understandably, parents want to protect their children and don’t want their little ones to suffer any life changing side effects, short or long term. Before allowing for any vaccination, they want doctors to tell them with absolute certainty that no harm will come to their children from a vaccine. Surely parents would also like completely safe transport, but they are willing to put their children in a car, train, or plane because of the benefits of fast travel outweigh the small chance of an accident happening. It is impossible to expect doctors to claim that anything is completely safe, and “take responsibility“ if anything at all goes wrong. This is why there are patient consent forms and small directions in all medication boxes explaining possible side effects. If a parent asked me whether I would take responsibility for any possible side effects of vaccination, I would reply with another question: Would you, as a parent, take the responsibility of your child getting an infectious disease that could leave them with life changing consequences, or even possibly be a cause of death?

Although I would try and talk to people who refuse vaccination, if they continued to refuse I would respect their decision. In the end, I appreciate it is your right to decide what you want to do with your body. A friend of mine has pointed out to me that this law might limit the right of choice; therefore not allowing parents to make a choice about their children. I can see his point, and as I said, everyone should have the right to decide what to do with their body. However, this is a choice parents aren’t making about themselves, but about their children, who are too young to make an informed choice. Are their parents making an informed choice though? Do they have enough information to go against medical advice? Many countries don’t have a law about mandatory vaccination, and maybe those fighting against this law will manage to win, but I hope this whole debate will at least raise awareness and make people think about the importance of vaccination.

Featured photo courtesy of zsoolt

Categories
Clinical General Innovation Opinion Public Health

A Quick Guide to HPV Vaccination

Photo courtesy of Agência de Notícias do Acre (https://accounts-flickr.yahoo.com/photos/fotosdoacre/13065655185/?rb=1)
ThinPrep of CIN 1/HPV Photo from Ed Uthman
ThinPrep of CIN 1/HPV
Photo from Ed Uthman

Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are non-enveloped, double-stranded DNA viruses which infect human mucosal and epithelial tissues. They survive well in the environment and can be spread through direct contact with a wart, a fomite (ex. doorknob or toilet seat), or when an infant passes through the birth canal.  HPV is now the most common sexually transmitted infection in the US1. Even though most infections resolve spontaneously without further progression, it can lead to the formation of skin warts and has been associated with cervical cancer since the 1990s. HPV-6 and HPV-11, two types of HPV, are known to cause genital warts and low-grade cervical abnormalities, while HPV-16 and HPV-18 cause about 70% of cervical cancers. Despite the prevalence and potential severity of this viral infection, there is no specific treatment for HPV. Medical intervention involves treating clinical manifestations of the infection, including removal of warts or cervical neoplasias.

The spread of HPV can be reduced, but not prevented, through the use of condoms and other methods of physical barrier protection. In addition, two new inactivated subunit HPV vaccines, Gardasil and Cervarix, were recently approved by the FDA. The vaccines have no therapeutic effect on those who are already infected and the duration of vaccine protection is unknown, but studies are underway to determine if immunity wanes as time goes by. Both vaccines use the L1 capsid protein, which is produced through recombinant technology. This capsid protein then self-assembles into noninfectious virus-like particles (VLP), which function to elicit a memory immune response.

In 2006, Gardasil, a quadrivalent vaccine (HPV4), was approved by the FDA for both males and females of ages 9 to 26. Gardasil is composed of HPV6, HPV11, HPV 16, and HPV 18 and is administered in a 3 dose course. If a patient has not had all 3 vaccine doses by the age of 26, the remaining rounds can still be administered. HPV4 vaccination is also recommended for all immunocompromised males and men who have sex with men under the age of 26. In 2009, Cervarix, a bivalent vaccine (HPV2) containing HPV 16 and HPV 18, was approved by the FDA. HPV2 is approved for females ages 10 to 25, but is not approved for use in males. Neither HPV4 nor HPV2 contain any preservatives or antibiotics, and more than 99% of those who are vaccinated produce an antibody response to the viral types present in the vaccines.  Prior infection with one of the virus types does not diminish the protection against the other types of HPV present in the vaccine.

The vaccines should not be administered to those who are allergic to any vaccine components, are acutely ill, or pregnant women. If a woman becomes pregnant prior to completing the 3-dose vaccination, the remaining doses should be postponed until the completion of the pregnancy. Side effects of HPV vaccination include pain or swelling at the site of vaccination and fever. Overall, no serious adverse reactions have been documented.

Dr. John Kreider's son and grandson with a historical marker recognizing Dr. Kreider and Dr. Mary K. Howett's work which lead to the development of the HPV vaccination. Photo courtesy of PennStateNews.
Dr. John Kreider’s son and grandson with a historical marker recognizing Dr. Kreider and Dr. Mary K. Howett’s work which lead to the development of the HPV vaccination. Photo courtesy of PennStateNews.

Despite the fact that HPV-16 and HPV-18 are highly associated with cervical cancer, controversy has surrounded the HPV vaccines. In general, parents are understandably reluctant to vaccinate their children against a sexually transmitted infection at such a young age, perhaps because the duration of the protection resulting from vaccination is still unknown. Dr. Diane Harper of the University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine does not believe the vaccine should be mandated by law since only 5% of women infected with HPV develop cervical cancer2. While that seems valid logically, the basic principle of vaccination is to prepare the body’s immune defenses for eliminating virulent agents before they can lead to harmful medical conditions. As an example, consider poliovirus. Poliovirus affects each individual differently, with up to 95% of the total cases being inapparent or asymptomatic3. Only a small percentage of those who are infected with poliovirus get paralytic polio, the condition which was seen in the public eye so often.  Even though infection with poliovirus rarely leads to paralytic polio, parents do not usually hesitate to vaccinate their children in order to prevent this outcome. So, both vaccines prevent a serious outcome which rarely occurs as a byproduct of viral infection, yet polio vaccination has general support around the globe. Despite the fact that the HPV infection doesn’t always result in cervical cancer, parents should not overlook this vaccine, as it drastically reduces the risks of this serious complication even further.

Sources:
1) http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/hpv.html
2) http://www.npr.org/2011/09/19/140543977/hpv-vaccine-the-science-behind-the-controversy
3) http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/polio.html