Categories
Clinical Emotion Public Health

The Day I Took off my White Coat

The man in scrubs stands in the middle of the room. He has a blood-filled syringe in one hand and hand-written lab notes on the back of an envelope in another. He scans the room, looking for someone or something. I follow his gaze. A young man is curled up in a ball on the floor, rocking himself back and forth while groaning in pain (gangrenous wound on leg). A man is throwing all his weight on his wife and yelling in pain (renal colic). A woman is holding a piece of red, soaked gauze tightly on the hand of her screaming 7-year-old son (amputated finger). An older woman in a wheelchair is drooling from one side of her mouth and has a drooping shoulder (stroke). A young man, handcuffed to a police officer, has circular marks around his neck and blood dripping from his mouth (suicide attempt with hanging and ingesting barbed wire). A young woman sits limply in a wheelchair, eyes rolled back, and blood on her clothes between her legs (severe anemia – abortion days prior). In this room no bigger than my mother’s walk-in closet, the suffering is palpable and audible, but the man in scrubs does not find what he is looking for, and begins to walk out. Before he reaches the door, an unconscious man is carried in to the room (antifreeze ingestion). Without missing a step, he reaches over and gives the man a rough sternal rub to wake him up, to no avail. He exits the room.

The man in scrubs is the sole medical resident in charge of the stabilization and triage of incoming patients at this Emergency Department situated in a Low and Middle Income country. As a visiting medical student, I am wearing a white coat, and although I should fit in, my general ignorance about the majority of relevant things makes me feel like an imposter. I shouldn’t be here. I shouldn’t be wearing this white coat.

‘You! You can help me!’ exclaims a woman in a wheelchair as she reaches towards me. Her face is covered, but somehow I know that she is in pain. Reluctantly, and with as much grace as a fish on land, I walk towards her. I walk towards her knowing that the only care I can provide is a hug, a tear, or a smile; the only prescription I can write is a kind word, and the only order I can put in is a prayer to the heavens.

I came to medical school to gain the skills that I need to better care for my neighbors, to share moments of humanity, of suffering and healing with my neighbors, to be meaningfully curious – to ask and answer questions that benefit my neighbors and our community, and to use medicine as a platform to implement meaningful social change. The irony is, I see none of that now; all I can do is stand defeated as I watch my neighbors suffer. I watch because I don’t have the money to cover the 15 pounds admission fee for every patient that is turned away at the door of the ED. I watch because I don’t know whether that comatose child who was just intubated is in trouble because his stomach is inflating instead of his lungs. I watch because I don’t know if that medical student just injured that woman’s radial nerve while trying to get an arterial blood sample.

With tears in my eyes, I fumble out of my white coat and head for the exit. I’m done watching, I tell myself. I’m done watching and I’m ready to learn. I’m ready to learn how to care for the suffering. I’m ready to be a part of the change I want to see in the world. As the door of the ED closed behind me, I managed to catch a final peek of the chaotic scene, as if to tell myself, ‘I will return when I’m ready.’

Looking back, I wish I had kept my white coat on, even if just to care with a tear, heal with a kind word, and pray for the well-being of my neighbors.

Photo Credit: Alex Proimos

Categories
Clinical Emotion Empathy Humanistic Psychology Reflection

The Enigma of Empathy

“My mother says I’m a piece of shit.” My 18-year old patient sits at the head of a conference table, her face stony with resolve. The members of her care team are surrounding her. She asks, “Why do you all care about me when I don’t even care about myself? That’s just weird.” Her resolve crumbles and tears begin rolling down her cheeks.

The attending physician stares at her before responding. “We don’t know you,” she says. “But we do care about you. You’re right-it’s a weird concept.”

It took this exchange-during my final year of medical school-for me to fully grasp the unusual nature of the empathy that we have for our patients. As medical students, most of us have described ourselves as empathetic or compassionate at some point. But I’ll wager that most of what we know about empathy comes from close relationships, be they with friends, family members, or even repeat clinic patients. It’s not difficult to understand how these established relationships could be colored with empathy. After all, these are relationships that we usually choose to have, or at least, choose to continue having, and in many cases, they’re relationships of mutual benefit.

As medical students, much of our experience is gained on the inpatient units in the hospital, with patients who are thrust into our service. While it is possible that the relationships we have with those who are closest to us serve as templates for empathy, the relationships that we develop with our hospitalized patients are different in several ways. First, we do not choose these relationships. Generally, patients are assigned to us regardless of our desire to have them as patients. Part of being a physician in training implies consent to treat patients. Another reason why our relationships with patients are unique is that we rarely can choose to terminate a relationship with a patient who we are treating. Finally, the relationship between the hospitalized patient and the doctor is not mutual. Hospitalized patients cannot and should not offer any direct benefits to their treatment team. My relationship to this 18-year old patient fit all the aforementioned parameters: I did not choose her as my patient, I could not stop my service to her, and I enjoyed no direct benefit from her as my patient. And yet, even accepting the above as true, even recognizing that I had only known this person for 48 hours at the time of this discussion, my empathy for her was not any less genuine than my empathy for my best friend or closest family member.

Does being a physician mean that we are forced to have empathy for near-complete strangers? Or does it mean that the people who choose this profession are characterized by an ability to freely give empathy to those who cross our path?

Interestingly, the word “empathy” did not reach the English language until 1909. Derived from the German word “einfuhlung” (or “feeling into”), it has been a continually enigmatic concept that has eluded any simplistic definition. Philosophers have described empathy as a central emotive descriptor that characterizes the feeling one has when they recognize the human spirit in another.[1] Even neuroscientists have taken up the job of trying to define empathy, noting that mirror neurons, which are neurons that fire when one living creature acts and then observes the same action in another living creature, may play a role in the development of empathy.[2]

Reflecting on my patient’s remarks has given me serious cause to contemplate what empathy means to me as a soon-to-be physician. While I can speak only for myself, I think the thing that makes me different is not my capacity to give empathy, but my desire to foster relationships with my patients. Even though my relationship with that patient may have been only days old, the quality of that relationship and therefore my ability to feel empathetic towards her, is a direct reflection of my desire to have that relationship. While I did not choose the patient, I chose to get up that day and practice medicine, and empathetic medicine is the only kind of medicine I know how to practice.

[1] https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/empathy/

[2] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18793090

Photo Credit: Sean MacEntee

Categories
The Medical Commencement Archive

“A Good Job”: Dr. Elizabeth Dreesen, 2017 Commencement Address of the University of North Carolina School of Medicine

I am pleased to present this week’s Commencement Archive piece: Dr. Elizabeth Dreesen’s keynote address at the 2017 University of North Carolina School of Medicine Commencement.

Dr. Dreesen grew up in a Navy family. Before earning her M.D. at Harvard Medical School, she completed a B.A. in History and African Studies from Boston University after spending a year at the University of Nairobi. After a year as an Obstetrics and Gynecology intern, she elected to train in General Surgery and graduated from the New England Deaconess residency program in 1994. She pursued further training in Surgical Critical Care at the University of Maryland Shock Trauma Center. After training, Dr. Dreesen and her husband started a rural General Surgery practice in western North Carolina. Dr. Dreesen has been at the University of North Carolina since 2006 and currently serves as the Chief of the Division of General and Acute Care Surgery there. She is known for her many years as a column writer for the Raleigh News and Observer, exploring experiences and issues in the world of medicine.

 

“Medicine isn’t just a good job, it’s a great job. It’s a complicated, bloody, hilarious, exhausting, inspiring job that will challenge you every day for the rest of your life. And jobs don’t get any better than that!”

What a unique set of adjectives to describe a job! When you think about it, few professions accommodate such diversity. We are truly blessed and privileged. Dr. Dreesen continues, discussing the features of this amazing career:

  • Dress comfortably—“At any given moment in medicine, somebody could throw up on you. So, as a group we dress respectably, but nothing too fancy.”
  • Excellent coworkers—“You’ll have coworkers who will amaze you.”
  • Enormous variety—“Every day is different in medicine, because every day you will meet a patient who surprises you… The breadth and variety of human experience will enrich you every day.”

Dr. Dreesen provides a unique perspective. We often view physicians as patient advocates and leaders in their field, however we may not fully appreciate the role they can play in their communities.

“In my own case, medicine made me a pillar of the community, a leader in my town. I’d been kind of an outsider through college and medical school – the protestor demographic. I was picketing the Dean’s office over my school’s labor policies, arguing with the administration about curriculum.”

As physicians we are privileged with a voice and a podium to make meaningful change. We should not shy away from these opportunities.

Finally, Dr. Dreesen echoes what I believe to be the most fulfilling reason that medicine is a “good” job.

““[Good jobs] change who you are, how you see yourself, and how others see you…In fact, a good job, a really good job, your new good job is one in which you have the opportunity to do moral good. And that is not an opportunity that every job affords.”

Photo Credit: Hamza Butt

Read the full speech in the Commencement Archive: https://www.themspress.org/journal/index.php/commencement/article/view/299/315

Categories
General Patient-Centered Care The Medical Commencement Archive

“Becoming Healers”: Dr. Jonathan LaPook, 2017 Commencement Address of Quinnipiac University School of Medicine

I am pleased to present this week’s Commencement Archive piece: Dr. Jonathan LaPook’s keynote address at the 2017 Quinnipiac University School of Medicine Commencement.

Dr. Jonathan LaPook is the Chief Medical Correspondent for CBS news and has served in this role since 2006. A board-certified physician in internal medicine and gastroenterology, he is also a Professor of Medicine at NYU Langone Medical Center. He attended medical school at Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons, and completed an internal medicine residency and a gastroenterology fellowship at the New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Medical Center. Dr. LaPook has received two Emmy awards for his work in 2012 and 2013 covering the national drug shortage and Boston Marathon bombings, respectively.

 

While Dr. LaPook is accustomed to speaking in front of crowds and cameras, this particular speech was a first for him.   With great pride and humility, he addressed the very first graduating class of Quinnipiac University School of Medicine. While the event was new to everyone involved, the message Dr. LaPook delivered stems from his diverse experiences as both a physician and journalist.

Dr. LaPook discusses the semipermeable membrane—or as he puts it, an emotional wall—that lies between us (as physicians) and the patient. One must be mindful of the emotional balance that exists, and this, according to Dr. LaPook, is the first and last challenge of the art of healing.

“It starts with a decision about the emotional wall we all build between ourselves and our patients. Constructing it is tricky. You don’t want to make it too thin and porous, because that can be emotionally devastating. But you don’t want to make it too thick and impervious, because then you miss out on all the good stuff, the precious moments when you connect with a patient as a person. I treasure the time an elderly patient showed up for an office visit on a beautiful spring day, and I wheeled her over to the Central Park Zoo to watch the sea lions. No medicine I have ever prescribed has had a more powerful therapeutic response. Everybody has to find a comfort level. For me, erring on the side of “too empathetic” is the way to go. Patients pick up on it, and if they feel you really care, they’re more likely to open up to you.”

 

“When we’re watching a movie and an important moment is about to happen, how do we know?”

Unfortunately, when caring for sick patients, other than a few beeps on the monitor, important moments don’t come with dramatic music or close-ups. There is no camera-pan to direct our attention to informative, meaningful information. We are both privileged and burdened with this responsibility of seeking out and interpreting information in order to make informed decisions.

“Well, in life, there’s no close-up and there’s no change of music. You have to play the soundtrack in your own head. You have to control the zoom button yourself. You must catch that moment when the patient—consciously or unconsciously—tells you what’s the matter. You need to get them to open up to you as one human being to another. And they will not do that unless they know they are talking to a human being!”

As Dr. LaPook continues, he begins to discuss his career in journalism and its implications on his medical practice. In particular, covering global health crises has shaped his ability to communicate oftentimes complex medical information to a broad audience.

“The key is taking complex topics and presenting them in simple, accessible terms. Communicating clearly—and succinctly—is an important skill. Work on it.”

Dr. LaPook summarizes with a single piece of advice.

“Be comfortable with uncertainty. If you’ve been practicing medicine for five years and you think you have all the answers, you’re in the wrong profession.”

Although patients may expect us to have all the answers, we must not burden ourselves with this expectation. Medicine is an art, not a calculation. Physicians consume diverse clinical data not necessarily to find an answer but rather to justify a decision.

Dr. LaPook sends the graduating class out with a final message.

“What’s going to distinguish you as true healers is the way you embrace humility, compassion, and empathy. Turn away from the computer screen and look your patient straight in the eyes. Understand the extraordinary importance of listening. And realize that even when you don’t have the answer for a patient in need, you can still help—with a sympathetic ear, a reassuring touch of the hand, and by sticking by them, through sickness and health.”

Read the full speech in the Commencement Archive: https://www.themspress.org/journal/index.php/commencement/article/view/297/314